d02 Chapter Contents
d02 Chapter Introduction
NAG C Library Manual

# NAG Library Function Documentnag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (d02rac)

## 1  Purpose

nag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (d02rac) solves a two-point boundary value problem with general boundary conditions for a system of ordinary differential equations, using a deferred correction technique and Newton iteration.

## 2  Specification

 #include #include
void  nag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (Integer neq, double *deleps,
 void (*fcn)(Integer neq, double x, double eps, const double y[], double f[], Nag_User *comm),
Integer numbeg, Integer nummix,
 void (*g)(Integer neq, double eps, const double ya[], const double yb[], double bc[], Nag_User *comm),
Nag_MeshSet init, Integer mnp, Integer *np, double x[], double y[], double tol, double abt[],
 void (*jacobf)(Integer neq, double x, double eps, const double y[], double f[], Nag_User *comm),
 void (*jacobg)(Integer neq, double eps, const double ya[], const double yb[], double aj[], double bj[], Nag_User *comm),
 void (*jaceps)(Integer neq, double x, double eps, const double y[], double f[], Nag_User *comm),
 void (*jacgep)(Integer neq, double eps, const double ya[], const double yb[], double bcep[], Nag_User *comm),
Nag_User *comm, NagError *fail)

## 3  Description

nag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (d02rac) solves a two-point boundary value problem for a system of $n$ ordinary differential equations in the interval $\left[a,b\right]$ with $b>a$. The system is written in the form
 $yi′ = f i x, y 1 , y 2 ,…, y n , i=1,2,…,n$ (1)
and the derivatives ${f}_{i}$ are evaluated by fcn. With the differential equations (1) must be given a system of $n$ (nonlinear) boundary conditions
 $gi ya,yb = 0 , i=1,2,…,n ,$
where
 $y x = y 1 x , y 2 x ,…, y n x T .$ (2)
The functions ${g}_{i}$ are evaluated by g. The solution is computed using a finite difference technique with deferred correction allied to a Newton iteration to solve the finite difference equations. The technique used is described fully in Pereyra (1979).
You must supply an absolute error tolerance and may also supply an initial mesh for the finite difference equations and an initial approximate solution (alternatively a default mesh and approximation are used). The approximate solution is corrected using Newton iteration and deferred correction. Then, additional points are added to the mesh and the solution is recomputed with the aim of making the error everywhere less than your tolerance and of approximately equidistributing the error on the final mesh. The solution is returned on this final mesh.
If the solution is required at a few specific points then these should be included in the initial mesh. If, on the other hand, the solution is required at several specific points then you should use the interpolation functions provided in Chapter e01 if these points do not themselves form a convenient mesh.
The Newton iteration requires Jacobian matrices
 $∂fi ∂yj , ∂gi ∂yja and ∂gi ∂yjb .$
These may be supplied through jacobf for $\left(\frac{\partial {f}_{i}}{\partial {y}_{j}}\right)$ and jacobg for the others. Alternatively the Jacobians may be calculated by numerical differentiation using the algorithm described in Curtis et al. (1974).
For problems of the type (1) and (2) for which it is difficult to determine an initial approximation from which the Newton iteration will converge, a continuation facility is provided. You must set up a family of problems
 $y′ = f x,y,ε , g ya,yb,ε = 0 ,$ (3)
where $f={\left[{f}_{1},{f}_{2},\dots ,{f}_{n}\right]}^{\mathrm{T}}$ etc., and where $\epsilon$ is a continuation parameter. The choice $\epsilon =0$ must give a problem (3) which is easy to solve and $\epsilon =1$ must define the problem whose solution is actually required. The function solves a sequence of problems with $\epsilon$ values
 $0 = ε1 < ε2 < ⋯ < εp = 1 .$ (4)
The number $p$ and the values ${\epsilon }_{i}$ are chosen by the function so that each problem can be solved using the solution of its predecessor as a starting approximation. Jacobians $\frac{\partial f}{\partial \epsilon }$ and $\frac{\partial g}{\partial \epsilon }$ are required and they may be supplied by you via jaceps and jacgep respectively or may be computed by numerical differentiation.

## 4  References

Curtis A R, Powell M J D and Reid J K (1974) On the estimation of sparse Jacobian matrices J. Inst. Maths. Applics. 13 117–119
Pereyra V (1979) PASVA3: An adaptive finite-difference Fortran program for first order nonlinear, ordinary boundary problems Codes for Boundary Value Problems in Ordinary Differential Equations. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (eds B Childs, M Scott, J W Daniel, E Denman and P Nelson) 76 Springer–Verlag

## 5  Arguments

1:     neqIntegerInput
On entry: $\mathit{n}$, the number of differential equations.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{neq}}>0$.
2:     delepsdouble *Input/Output
On entry: must be given a value which specifies whether continuation is required. If ${\mathbf{deleps}}\le 0.0$ or ${\mathbf{deleps}}\ge 1.0$ then it is assumed that continuation is not required. If $0.0<{\mathbf{deleps}}<1.0$ then it is assumed that continuation is required unless  when an error exit is taken. deleps is used as the increment ${\epsilon }_{2}-{\epsilon }_{1}$ (see (4)) and the choice ${\mathbf{deleps}}=0.1$ is recommended.
On exit: an overestimate of the increment ${\epsilon }_{p}-{\epsilon }_{p-1}$ (in fact the value of the increment which would have been tried if the restriction ${\epsilon }_{p}=1$ had not been imposed). If continuation was not requested then ${\mathbf{deleps}}=0.0$.
If continuation is not requested then jaceps and jacgep may each be replaced by the NAG defined null function pointer NULLFN.
3:     fcnfunction, supplied by the userExternal Function
fcn must evaluate the functions ${f}_{i}$ (i.e., the derivatives ${y}_{i}^{\prime }$) at a general point $x$ for a given value of $\epsilon$, the continuation parameter (see Section 3).
The specification of fcn is:
 void fcn (Integer neq, double x, double eps, const double y[], double f[], Nag_User *comm)
1:     neqIntegerInput
On entry: $n$, the number of equations.
2:     xdoubleInput
On entry: $x$, the value of the independent variable.
3:     epsdoubleInput
On entry: $\epsilon$, the value of the continuation parameter. This is $1$ if continuation is not being used.
4:     y[neq]const doubleInput
On entry: ${y}_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,\mathit{n}$, the values of the dependent variables at $x$.
5:     f[neq]doubleOutput
On exit: the values of the derivatives ${f}_{\mathit{i}}$ evaluated at $x$ given $\epsilon$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,\mathit{n}$.
6:     commNag_User *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_User.
pPointer
The type Pointer will be void *. Before calling nag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (d02rac) these pointers may be allocated memory and initialized with various quantities for use by comm when called from nag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (d02rac).
4:     numbegIntegerInput
On entry: the number of left-hand boundary conditions (that is the number involving $y\left(a\right)$ only).
Constraint: $0\le {\mathbf{numbeg}}<{\mathbf{neq}}$.
5:     nummixIntegerInput
On entry: the number of coupled boundary conditions (that is the number involving both $y\left(a\right)$ and $y\left(b\right)$).
Constraint: $0\le {\mathbf{nummix}}\le {\mathbf{neq}}-{\mathbf{numbeg}}$.
6:     gfunction, supplied by the userExternal Function
g must evaluate the boundary conditions in equation (3) and place them in the array bc.
The specification of g is:
 void g (Integer neq, double eps, const double ya[], const double yb[], double bc[], Nag_User *comm)
1:     neqIntegerInput
On entry: $\mathit{n}$, the number of equations.
2:     epsdoubleInput
On entry: $\epsilon$, the value of the continuation parameter. This is $1$ if continuation is not being used.
3:     ya[neq]const doubleInput
On entry: the value ${y}_{\mathit{i}}\left(a\right)$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
4:     yb[neq]const doubleInput
On entry: the value ${y}_{\mathit{i}}\left(b\right)$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
5:     bc[neq]doubleOutput
On exit: the values ${g}_{\mathit{i}}\left(y\left(a\right),y\left(b\right),\epsilon \right)$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$. These must be ordered as follows:
 (i) first, the conditions involving only $y\left(a\right)$ (see numbeg); (ii) next, the nummix coupled conditions involving both $y\left(a\right)$ and $y\left(b\right)$ (see nummix); and, (iii) finally, the conditions involving only $y\left(b\right)$ (${\mathbf{neq}}-{\mathbf{numbeg}}-{\mathbf{nummix}}$).
6:     commNag_User *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_User.
pPointer
The type Pointer will be void *. Before calling nag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (d02rac) these pointers may be allocated memory and initialized with various quantities for use by comm when called from nag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (d02rac).
7:     initNag_MeshSetInput
On entry: indicates whether you wish to supply an initial mesh and approximate solution (${\mathbf{init}}=\mathrm{Nag_UserInitMesh}$) or whether default values are to be used, (${\mathbf{init}}=\mathrm{Nag_DefInitMesh}$).
Constraint: ${\mathbf{init}}=\mathrm{Nag_DefInitMesh}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_UserInitMesh}$.
8:     mnpIntegerInput
On entry: mnp must be set to the maximum permitted number of points in the finite difference mesh.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{mnp}}\ge 32$.
9:     npInteger *Input/Output
On entry: must be set to the number of points to be used in the initial mesh.
Constraint: $4\le {\mathbf{np}}\le {\mathbf{mnp}}$.
On exit: the number of points in the final mesh.
10:   x[mnp]doubleInput/Output
On entry: you must set ${\mathbf{x}}\left[0\right]=a$ and ${\mathbf{x}}\left[{\mathbf{np}}-1\right]=b$. If ${\mathbf{init}}=\mathrm{Nag_DefInitMesh}$ on entry a default equispaced mesh will be used, otherwise you must specify a mesh by setting ${\mathbf{x}}\left[\mathit{i}-1\right]={x}_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=2,3,\dots ,{\mathbf{np}}-1$.
Constraints:
• if ${\mathbf{init}}=\mathrm{Nag_DefInitMesh}$, ${\mathbf{x}}\left[0\right]<{\mathbf{x}}\left[{\mathbf{np}}-1\right]$;
• if ${\mathbf{init}}=\mathrm{Nag_UserInitMesh}$, ${\mathbf{x}}\left[0\right]<{\mathbf{x}}\left[1\right]<\cdots <{\mathbf{x}}\left[{\mathbf{np}}-1\right]$.
On exit: ${\mathbf{x}}\left[0\right],{\mathbf{x}}\left[1\right],\dots ,{\mathbf{x}}\left[{\mathbf{np}}-1\right]$ define the final mesh (with the returned value of np) and ${\mathbf{x}}\left[0\right]=a$ and ${\mathbf{x}}\left[{\mathbf{np}}-1\right]=b$.
11:   y[${\mathbf{neq}}×{\mathbf{mnp}}$]doubleInput/Output
On entry: if ${\mathbf{init}}=\mathrm{Nag_DefInitMesh}$, then y need not be set.
If ${\mathbf{init}}=\mathrm{Nag_UserInitMesh}$, then the array y must contain an initial approximation to the solution such that ${\mathbf{y}}\left[\left(j-1\right)×{\mathbf{mnp}}+i-1\right]$ contains an approximation to
 $yjxi, i=1,2,…,np​ and ​j=1,2,…,n.$
On exit: the approximate solution ${z}_{j}\left({x}_{i}\right)$ satisfying (5) on the final mesh, that is
 $y[j-1×mnp+i-1]=zjxi, i=1,2,…,np​ and ​j=1,2,…,n,$
where np is the number of points in the final mesh. If an error has occurred then y contains the latest approximation to the solution. The remaining columns of y are not used.
12:   toldoubleInput
On entry: a positive absolute error tolerance. If
 $a=x1
is the final mesh, ${z}_{j}\left({x}_{i}\right)$ is the $j$th component of the approximate solution at ${x}_{i}$, and ${y}_{j}\left(x\right)$ is the $j$th component of the true solution of (1) and (2), then, except in extreme circumstances, it is expected that
 $zjxi-yjxi≤tol, i=1,2,…,np​ and ​j=1,2,…,n.$ (5)
Constraint: ${\mathbf{tol}}>0.0$.
13:   abt[neq]doubleOutput
On exit: ${\mathbf{abt}}\left[\mathit{i}-1\right]$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$, holds the largest estimated error (in magnitude) of the $i$th component of the solution over all mesh points.
14:   jacobffunction, supplied by the userExternal Function
jacobf evaluates the Jacobian $\left(\frac{\partial {f}_{\mathit{i}}}{\partial {y}_{\mathit{j}}}\right)$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$ and $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,n$, given $x$ and ${y}_{\mathit{j}}$, for $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
If all Jacobians are to be approximated internally by numerical differentiation then it must be replaced by the NAG defined null function pointer NULLFN.
The specification of jacobf is:
 void jacobf (Integer neq, double x, double eps, const double y[], double f[], Nag_User *comm)
1:     neqIntegerInput
On entry: $\mathit{n}$, the number of equations.
2:     xdoubleInput
On entry: $x$, the value of the independent variable.
3:     epsdoubleInput
On entry: $\epsilon$, the value of the continuation parameter. This is $1$ if continuation is not being used.
4:     y[neq]const doubleInput
On entry: ${y}_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,\mathit{n}$, the values of the dependent variables at $x$.
5:     f[${\mathbf{neq}}×{\mathbf{neq}}$]doubleOutput
On exit: ${\mathbf{f}}\left[\left(\mathit{j}-1\right)×{\mathbf{neq}}+\mathit{i}-1\right]$ must be set to the value of $\frac{\partial {f}_{\mathit{i}}}{\partial {y}_{\mathit{j}}}$, evaluated at the point $\left(x,y\right)$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$ and $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
6:     commNag_User *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_User.
pPointer
The type Pointer will be void *. Before calling nag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (d02rac) these pointers may be allocated memory and initialized with various quantities for use by comm when called from nag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (d02rac).
Note that if jacobf is supplied then jacobg must also be supplied. Note that if jacobf is supplied and continuation is requested then jaceps and jacgep must also be supplied.
15:   jacobgfunction, supplied by the userExternal Function
jacobg evaluates the Jacobians $\left(\frac{\partial {g}_{i}}{\partial {y}_{j}\left(a\right)}\right)$ and $\left(\frac{\partial {g}_{i}}{\partial {y}_{j}\left(b\right)}\right)$. The ordering of the rows of aj and bj must correspond to the ordering of the boundary conditions described in the specification of g.
If all Jacobians are to be approximated internally by numerical differentiation then it must be replaced by the NAG defined null function pointer NULLFN.
The specification of jacobg is:
 void jacobg (Integer neq, double eps, const double ya[], const double yb[], double aj[], double bj[], Nag_User *comm)
1:     neqIntegerInput
On entry: $\mathit{n}$, the number of equations.
2:     epsdoubleInput
On entry: $\epsilon$, the value of the continuation parameter. This is $1$ if continuation is not being used.
3:     ya[neq]const doubleInput
On entry: the value ${y}_{\mathit{i}}\left(a\right)$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
4:     yb[neq]const doubleInput
On entry: the value ${y}_{\mathit{i}}\left(b\right)$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
5:     aj[${\mathbf{neq}}×{\mathbf{neq}}$]doubleOutput
On exit: ${\mathbf{aj}}\left[\left(\mathit{i}-1\right)×{\mathbf{neq}}+\mathit{j}-1\right]$ must be set to the value $\frac{\partial {g}_{\mathit{i}}}{\partial {y}_{\mathit{j}}\left(a\right)}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$ and $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
6:     bj[${\mathbf{neq}}×{\mathbf{neq}}$]doubleOutput
On exit: ${\mathbf{bj}}\left[\left(\mathit{i}-1\right)×{\mathbf{neq}}+\mathit{j}-1\right]$ must be set to the value $\frac{\partial {g}_{\mathit{i}}}{\partial {y}_{\mathit{j}}\left(b\right)}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$ and $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
7:     commNag_User *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_User.
pPointer
The type Pointer will be void *. Before calling nag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (d02rac) these pointers may be allocated memory and initialized with various quantities for use by comm when called from nag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (d02rac).
Note that if jacobg is supplied then jacobf must also be supplied.
16:   jacepsfunction, supplied by the userExternal Function
jaceps evaluates the derivative $\frac{\partial {f}_{i}}{\partial \epsilon }$ given $x$ and $y$ if continuation is being used.
If all Jacobians (derivatives) are to be approximated internally by numerical differentiation, or continuation is not being used, then it must be replaced by the NAG defined null function pointer NULLFN.
The specification of jaceps is:
 void jaceps (Integer neq, double x, double eps, const double y[], double f[], Nag_User *comm)
1:     neqIntegerInput
On entry: $\mathit{n}$, the number of equations.
2:     xdoubleInput
On entry: $x$, the value of the independent variable.
3:     epsdoubleInput
On entry: $\epsilon$, the value of the continuation parameter.
4:     y[neq]const doubleInput
On entry: the solution values ${y}_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$, at the point $x$.
5:     f[neq]doubleOutput
On exit: ${\mathbf{f}}\left[\mathit{i}-1\right]$ must contain the value $\frac{\partial {f}_{\mathit{i}}}{\partial \epsilon }$ at the point $\left(x,y\right)$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
6:     commNag_User *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_User.
pPointer
The type Pointer will be void *. Before calling nag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (d02rac) these pointers may be allocated memory and initialized with various quantities for use by comm when called from nag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (d02rac).
Note that if jaceps is defined then jacgep must also be defined.
17:   jacgepfunction, supplied by the userExternal Function
jacgep evaluates the derivatives $\frac{\partial {g}_{i}}{\partial \epsilon }$ if continuation is being used.
If all Jacobians (derivatives) are to be approximated internally by numerical differentiation, or continuation is not being used, then it must be replaced by the NAG defined null function pointer NULLFN.
The specification of jacgep is:
 void jacgep (Integer neq, double eps, const double ya[], const double yb[], double bcep[], Nag_User *comm)
1:     neqIntegerInput
On entry: $\mathit{n}$, the number of equations.
2:     epsdoubleInput
On entry: $\epsilon$, the value of the continuation parameter.
3:     ya[neq]const doubleInput
On entry: the value of ${y}_{\mathit{i}}\left(a\right)$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
4:     yb[neq]const doubleInput
On entry: the value of ${y}_{\mathit{i}}\left(b\right)$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
5:     bcep[neq]doubleOutput
On exit: ${\mathbf{bcep}}\left[\mathit{i}-1\right]$ must contain the value of $\frac{\partial {g}_{\mathit{i}}}{\partial \epsilon }$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
6:     commNag_User *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_User.
pPointer
The type Pointer will be void *. Before calling nag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (d02rac) these pointers may be allocated memory and initialized with various quantities for use by comm when called from nag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (d02rac).
Note that if jacgep is defined then jaceps must also be defined.
18:   commNag_User *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_User.
pPointer
The type Pointer will be void *. Before calling nag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (d02rac) these pointers may be allocated memory and initialized with various quantities for use by comm when called from nag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (d02rac).
19:   failNagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction).

## 6  Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_2_INT_ARG_ZERO
On entry, ${\mathbf{numbeg}}=0$ and ${\mathbf{nummix}}=0$. These arguments must not both be zero.
NE_2_REAL_ARG_LE
On entry, ${\mathbf{x}}\left[0\right]=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{x}}\left[{\mathbf{np}}-1\right]=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{x}}\left[0\right]<{\mathbf{x}}\left[{\mathbf{np}}-1\right]$.
NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
On entry, argument init had an illegal value.
NE_CONV_CONT
Convergence failure. There are a number of possible causes.
 (a) Faulty coding of the Jacobian calculation functions. (b) If Jacobians have not been supplied then inaccurate Jacobians have been calculated internally (not very likely). (c) A poor choice of initial mesh or initial starting conditions either by the user or by default. Try using the continuation facility.
The Newton iteration has failed to converge.
This could be due to there being too few points in the initial mesh or to the initial approximate solution being too inaccurate.
If this latter reason is suspected or you cannot make changes to prevent this error, you should use the function with a continuation facility instead.
NE_CONV_CONT_DELEPS
deleps is required to be less than machine precision for continuation to proceed. It is likely that either the problem has no solution for some value near the current value of $\epsilon$ or that the problem is so difficult that even with continuation it is unlikely to be solved using this function. Using more mesh points may help.
The continuation step is required to be less than machine precision for continuation to proceed. It is likely that either the problem has no solution for some value of the continuation parameter near the current value or that the problem is so difficult that even with continuation it is unlikely to be solved using this function. In the latter case using more mesh points initially may help.
NE_CONV_CONT_DEP
There is no dependence on the continuation parameter when continuation is being used. This can be due to faulty coding of derivatives with respect to the continuation parameter or to a zero initial choice of approximate solution.
There is no dependence on $\epsilon$ when continuation is being used. This may be due to faulty coding of jaceps or jacgep, or in some circumstances, to a zero initial choice of approximate solution (such as is chosen when ${\mathbf{init}}=\mathrm{Nag_DefInitMesh}$).
NE_CONV_JACOBG
The Jacobian calculated by jacobg (or the equivalent matrix calculated by numerical differentiation) is singular. This may be due to faulty coding of jacobg or in some circumstances, to a zero initial choice of approximate solution (such as is chosen when ${\mathbf{init}}=\mathrm{Nag_DefInitMesh}$).
The Jacobian for the boundary conditions is singular.
This may occur due to faulty coding of the Jacobian or, in some circumstances, to a zero initial choice of approximate solution.
NE_CONV_MESH
A finer mesh is required for the accuracy requested; that is, ${\mathbf{mnp}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ is not large enough.
NE_CONV_ROUNDOFF
Newton iteration has reached round-off level.
If desired accuracy has not been reached, then tol is too small for this problem and this machine precision.
Solution cannot be improved due to roundoff error. Too much accuracy might have been requested.
NE_INT_ARG_LT
On entry, ${\mathbf{mnp}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{mnp}}\ge 32$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{neq}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{neq}}\ge 1$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{np}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{np}}\ge 4$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{numbeg}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{numbeg}}\ge 0$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{nummix}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{nummix}}\ge 0$.
NE_INT_RANGE_CONS
On entry, ${\mathbf{np}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{mnp}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{np}}\le {\mathbf{mnp}}$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{numbeg}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{neq}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{numbeg}}<{\mathbf{neq}}$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{numbeg}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$, ${\mathbf{nummix}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$
and ${\mathbf{neq}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{numbeg}}+{\mathbf{nummix}}\le {\mathbf{neq}}$.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
A continuation error occurred, but continuation is not being used.
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
A serious error occurred in a call to the internal integrator.
The error code internally was $〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
NE_INVALID_FUN_JAC
Only one of jacobf or jacobg has been set to non-null possibly implying user-defined Jacobians. Both must be non-null.
NE_INVALID_FUN_JAC_CONT
deleps has been set to $〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ implying continuation and both jacobf and jacobg have been set to non-null implying user-defined Jacobians. Hence the functions jaceps and jacgep must also be non-null.
NE_INVALID_FUN_JAC_NO_CONT
deleps has been set to $〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ implying no continuation and both jacobf and jacobg have been set to non-null implying user-defined Jacobians. Hence the functions jaceps and jacgep must be NULL.
NE_INVALID_FUN_NO_JAC_CONT
deleps has been set to $〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ implying continuation and both jacobf and jacobg have been set to NULL implying no user-defined Jacobians. Hence the functions jaceps and jacgep must also be NULL.
NE_NOT_STRICTLY_INCREASING
On entry the mesh points are not in strictly ascending order.
For $i=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$, mesh point $i=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$, but mesh point $i+1=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
NE_REAL_ARG_LE
On entry, ${\mathbf{tol}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{tol}}>0.0$.

## 7  Accuracy

The solution returned by the function will be accurate to your tolerance as defined by the relation (5) except in extreme circumstances. The final error estimate over the whole mesh for each component is given in the array abt. If too many points are specified in the initial mesh, the solution may be more accurate than requested and the error may not be approximately equidistributed.

There are too many factors present to quantify the timing. The time taken by nag_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen (d02rac) is negligible only on very simple problems.
In the case where you wish to solve a sequence of similar problems, the use of the final mesh and solution from one case as the initial mesh is strongly recommended for the next.

## 9  Example

This example solves the differential equation
 $y′′′=-yy′′-2ε1-y′2$
with $\epsilon =1$ and boundary conditions
 $y0=y′0=0, y′10=1$
to an accuracy specified by ${\mathbf{tol}}=\text{1.0e−4}$. The continuation facility is used with the continuation parameter $\epsilon$ introduced as in the differential equation above and with ${\mathbf{deleps}}=0.1$ initially. (The continuation facility is not needed for this problem and is used here for illustration.)

### 9.1  Program Text

Program Text (d02race.c)

None.

### 9.3  Program Results

Program Results (d02race.r)