g02 Chapter Contents
g02 Chapter Introduction
NAG C Library Manual

# NAG Library Function Documentnag_robust_m_regsn_wts (g02hbc)

## 1  Purpose

nag_robust_m_regsn_wts (g02hbc) finds, for a real matrix $X$ of full column rank, a lower triangular matrix $A$ such that ${\left({A}^{\mathrm{T}}A\right)}^{-1}$ is proportional to a robust estimate of the covariance of the variables. nag_robust_m_regsn_wts (g02hbc) is intended for the calculation of weights of bounded influence regression using nag_robust_m_regsn_user_fn (g02hdc).

## 2  Specification

 #include #include
void  nag_robust_m_regsn_wts (Nag_OrderType order,
 double (*ucv)(double t, Nag_Comm *comm),
Integer n, Integer m, const double x[], Integer pdx, double a[], double z[], double bl, double bd, double tol, Integer maxit, Integer nitmon, const char *outfile, Integer *nit, Nag_Comm *comm, NagError *fail)

## 3  Description

In fitting the linear regression model
 $y=Xθ+ε,$
 where $y$ is a vector of length $n$ of the dependent variable, $X$ is an $n$ by $m$ matrix of independent variables, $\theta$ is a vector of length $m$ of unknown arguments, and $\epsilon$ is a vector of length $n$ of unknown errors,
it may be desirable to bound the influence of rows of the $X$ matrix. This can be achieved by calculating a weight for each observation. Several schemes for calculating weights have been proposed (see Hampel et al. (1986) and Marazzi (1987)). As the different independent variables may be measured on different scales one group of proposed weights aims to bound a standardized measure of influence. To obtain such weights the matrix $A$ has to be found such that
 $1n∑i=1nuzi2zi ziT =I​ I​ is the identity matrix$
and
 $zi=Axi,$
 where ${x}_{i}$ is a vector of length $m$ containing the elements of the $i$th row of $X$, $A$ is an $m$ by $m$ lower triangular matrix, ${z}_{i}$ is a vector of length $m$, and $u$ is a suitable function.
The weights for use with nag_robust_m_regsn_user_fn (g02hdc) may then be computed using
 $wi=fzi2$
for a suitable user-supplied function $f$.
nag_robust_m_regsn_wts (g02hbc) finds $A$ using the iterative procedure
 $Ak=Sk+IAk-1,$
where ${S}_{k}=\left({s}_{jl}\right)$, for $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,m$ and $\mathit{l}=1,2,\dots ,m$, is a lower triangular matrix such that
• ${s}_{jl}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}-\mathrm{min}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left[\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left({h}_{jl}/n,-\mathit{BL}\right),\mathit{BL}\right]\text{,}& j>l\\ & \\ -\mathrm{min}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left[\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(\frac{1}{2}\left({h}_{jj}/n-1\right),-\mathit{BD}\right),\mathit{BD}\right]\text{,}& j=l\end{array}\right\$
• ${h}_{jl}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}u\left({‖{z}_{i}‖}_{2}\right){z}_{ij}{z}_{il}$
and $\mathit{BD}$ and $\mathit{BL}$ are suitable bounds.
In addition the values of ${‖{z}_{i}‖}_{2}$, for $i=1,2,\dots ,n$, are calculated.
nag_robust_m_regsn_wts (g02hbc) is based on routines in ROBETH; see Marazzi (1987).

## 4  References

Hampel F R, Ronchetti E M, Rousseeuw P J and Stahel W A (1986) Robust Statistics. The Approach Based on Influence Functions Wiley
Huber P J (1981) Robust Statistics Wiley
Marazzi A (1987) Weights for bounded influence regression in ROBETH Cah. Rech. Doc. IUMSP, No. 3 ROB 3 Institut Universitaire de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Lausanne

## 5  Arguments

1:     orderNag_OrderTypeInput
On entry: the order argument specifies the two-dimensional storage scheme being used, i.e., row-major ordering or column-major ordering. C language defined storage is specified by ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$. See Section 3.2.1.3 in the Essential Introduction for a more detailed explanation of the use of this argument.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$ or Nag_ColMajor.
2:     ucvfunction, supplied by the userExternal Function
ucv must return the value of the function $u$ for a given value of its argument. The value of $u$ must be non-negative.
The specification of ucv is:
 double ucv (double t, Nag_Comm *comm)
1:     tdoubleInput
On entry: the argument for which ucv must be evaluated.
2:     commNag_Comm *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_Comm; the following members are relevant to ucv.
userdouble *
iuserInteger *
pPointer
The type Pointer will be void *. Before calling nag_robust_m_regsn_wts (g02hbc) you may allocate memory and initialize these pointers with various quantities for use by ucv when called from nag_robust_m_regsn_wts (g02hbc) (see Section 3.2.1 in the Essential Introduction).
3:     nIntegerInput
On entry: $n$, the number of observations.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}>1$.
4:     mIntegerInput
On entry: $m$, the number of independent variables.
Constraint: $1\le {\mathbf{m}}\le {\mathbf{n}}$.
5:     x[$\mathit{dim}$]const doubleInput
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array x must be at least
• $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{pdx}}×{\mathbf{m}}\right)$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$;
• $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}×{\mathbf{pdx}}\right)$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$.
Where ${\mathbf{X}}\left(i,j\right)$ appears in this document, it refers to the array element
• ${\mathbf{x}}\left[\left(j-1\right)×{\mathbf{pdx}}+i-1\right]$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$;
• ${\mathbf{x}}\left[\left(i-1\right)×{\mathbf{pdx}}+j-1\right]$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$.
On entry: the real matrix $X$, i.e., the independent variables. ${\mathbf{X}}\left(\mathit{i},\mathit{j}\right)$ must contain the $\mathit{i}\mathit{j}$th element of ${\mathbf{x}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$ and $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,m$.
6:     pdxIntegerInput
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array x.
Constraints:
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$, ${\mathbf{pdx}}\ge {\mathbf{n}}$;
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$, ${\mathbf{pdx}}\ge {\mathbf{m}}$.
7:     a[${\mathbf{m}}×\left({\mathbf{m}}+1\right)/2$]doubleInput/Output
On entry: an initial estimate of the lower triangular real matrix $A$. Only the lower triangular elements must be given and these should be stored row-wise in the array.
The diagonal elements must be $\text{}\ne 0$, although in practice will usually be $\text{}>0$. If the magnitudes of the columns of $X$ are of the same order the identity matrix will often provide a suitable initial value for $A$. If the columns of $X$ are of different magnitudes, the diagonal elements of the initial value of $A$ should be approximately inversely proportional to the magnitude of the columns of $X$.
On exit: the lower triangular elements of the matrix $A$, stored row-wise.
8:     z[n]doubleOutput
On exit: the value ${‖{z}_{\mathit{i}}‖}_{2}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
9:     bldoubleInput
On entry: the magnitude of the bound for the off-diagonal elements of ${S}_{k}$.
Suggested value: ${\mathbf{bl}}=0.9$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{bl}}>0.0$.
10:   bddoubleInput
On entry: the magnitude of the bound for the diagonal elements of ${S}_{k}$.
Suggested value: ${\mathbf{bd}}=0.9$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{bd}}>0.0$.
11:   toldoubleInput
On entry: the relative precision for the final value of $A$. Iteration will stop when the maximum value of $\left|{s}_{jl}\right|$ is less than tol.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{tol}}>0.0$.
12:   maxitIntegerInput
On entry: the maximum number of iterations that will be used during the calculation of $A$.
A value of ${\mathbf{maxit}}=50$ will often be adequate.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{maxit}}>0$.
13:   nitmonIntegerInput
On entry: determines the amount of information that is printed on each iteration.
${\mathbf{nitmon}}>0$
The value of $A$ and the maximum value of $\left|{s}_{jl}\right|$ will be printed at the first and every nitmon iterations.
${\mathbf{nitmon}}\le 0$
No iteration monitoring is printed.
14:   outfileconst char *Input
On entry: a null terminated character string giving the name of the file to which results should be printed. If ${\mathbf{outfile}}=\mathbf{NULL}$ or an empty string then the stdout stream is used. Note that the file will be opened in the append mode.
15:   nitInteger *Output
On exit: the number of iterations performed.
16:   commNag_Comm *Communication Structure
The NAG communication argument (see Section 3.2.1.1 in the Essential Introduction).
17:   failNagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction).

## 6  Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
On entry, argument $〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ had an illegal value.
NE_CONVERGENCE
Iterations to calculate weights failed to converge in maxit iterations: ${\mathbf{maxit}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
NE_FUN_RET_VAL
Value returned by ucv function $\text{}<0$: $u\left(〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉\right)=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
NE_INT
On entry, ${\mathbf{m}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{m}}\ge 1$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{maxit}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{maxit}}>0$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}>1$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 2$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{pdx}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pdx}}>0$.
NE_INT_2
On entry, ${\mathbf{m}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: $1\le {\mathbf{m}}\le {\mathbf{n}}$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{m}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge {\mathbf{m}}$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{pdx}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pdx}}\ge {\mathbf{n}}$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{pdx}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{m}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pdx}}\ge {\mathbf{m}}$.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
NE_NOT_CLOSE_FILE
Cannot close file $〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
NE_NOT_WRITE_FILE
Cannot open file $〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ for writing.
NE_REAL
On entry, ${\mathbf{bd}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{bd}}>0.0$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{bl}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{bl}}>0.0$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{tol}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{tol}}>0.0$.
NE_ZERO_DIAGONAL
On entry, diagonal element $〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ of a is $0$.

## 7  Accuracy

On successful exit the accuracy of the results is related to the value of tol; see Section 5.

The existence of $A$ will depend upon the function $u$; (see Hampel et al. (1986) and Marazzi (1987)), also if $X$ is not of full rank a value of $A$ will not be found. If the columns of $X$ are almost linearly related then convergence will be slow.

## 9  Example

This example reads in a matrix of real numbers and computes the Krasker–Welsch weights (see Marazzi (1987)). The matrix $A$ and the weights are then printed.

### 9.1  Program Text

Program Text (g02hbce.c)

### 9.2  Program Data

Program Data (g02hbce.d)

### 9.3  Program Results

Program Results (g02hbce.r)