D02 Chapter Contents
NAG Library Manual

# NAG Library Chapter IntroductionD02 – Ordinary Differential Equations

## 1  Scope of the Chapter

This chapter is concerned with the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. There are two main types of problem: those in which all boundary conditions are specified at one point (initial value problems), and those in which the boundary conditions are distributed between two or more points (boundary value problems and eigenvalue problems). Routines are available for initial value problems, two-point boundary value problems and Sturm–Liouville eigenvalue problems.

## 2  Background to the Problems

For most of the routines in this chapter a system of ordinary differential equations must be written in the form
 $y1′=f1x,y1,y2,…,yn, y2′=f2x,y1,y2,…,yn, ⋮ yn′=fnx,y1,y2,…,yn,$
that is the system must be given in first-order form. The $n$ dependent variables (also, the solution) ${y}_{1},{y}_{2},\dots ,{y}_{n}$ are functions of the independent variable $x$, and the differential equations give expressions for the first derivatives ${y}_{i}^{\prime }=\frac{d{y}_{i}}{dx}$ in terms of $x$ and ${y}_{1},{y}_{2},\dots ,{y}_{n}$. For a system of $n$ first-order equations, $n$ associated boundary conditions are usually required to define the solution.
A more general system may contain derivatives of higher order, but such systems can almost always be reduced to the first-order form by introducing new variables. For example, suppose we have the third-order equation
 $z′′′+zz′′+kl-z′2=0.$
We write ${y}_{1}=z$, ${y}_{2}={z}^{\prime }$, ${y}_{3}={z}^{\prime \prime }$, and the third-order equation may then be written as the system of first-order equations
 $y1′=y2 y2′=y3 y3′=-y1y3-kl-y22.$
For this system $n=3$ and we require $3$ boundary conditions in order to define the solution. These conditions must specify values of the dependent variables at certain points. For example, we have an initial value problem if the conditions are
 $y1=0.1 at ​x=0 y2=0.1 at ​x=0 y3=0.1 at ​x=0.$
These conditions would enable us to integrate the equations numerically from the point $x=0$ to some specified end point. We have a boundary value problem if the conditions are
 $y1=0 at ​x=0 y2=0 at ​x=0 y2=1 at ​x=10.$
These conditions would be sufficient to define a solution in the range $0\le x\le 10$, but the problem could not be solved by direct integration (see Section 2.2). More general boundary conditions are permitted in the boundary value case.
It is sometimes advantageous to solve higher-order systems directly. In particular, there is an initial value routine to solve a system of second-order ordinary differential equations of the special form
 $y1′′=f1x,y1,y2,…,yn, y2′′=f2x,y1,y2,…,yn, ⋮ yn′′=fnx,y1,y2,…,yn.$
For this second-order system initial values of the derivatives of the dependent variables, ${y}_{\mathit{i}}^{\prime }$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$, are required.
There is also a boundary value routine that can treat directly a mixed order system of ordinary differential equations.
There is a broader class of initial value problems known as differential algebraic systems which can be treated. Such a system may be defined as
 $y′ = fx,y,z 0 = gx,y,z$
where $y$ and $f$ are vectors of length $n$ and $g$ and $z$ are vectors of length $m$. The functions $g$ represent the algebraic part of the system.
In addition implicit systems can also be solved, that is systems of the form
 $Ax,yy′=fx,y$
where $A$ is a matrix of functions; such a definition can also incorporate algebraic equations. Note that general systems of this form may contain higher-order derivatives and that they can usually be transformed to first-order form, as above.

### 2.1  Initial Value Problems

To solve first-order systems, initial values of the dependent variables ${y}_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$, must be supplied at a given point, $a$. Also a point, $b$, at which the values of the dependent variables are required, must be specified. The numerical solution is then obtained by a step-by-step calculation which approximates values of the variables ${y}_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$, at finite intervals over the required range $\left[a,b\right]$. The routines in this chapter adjust the step length automatically to meet specified accuracy tolerances. Although the accuracy tests used are reliable over each step individually, in general an accuracy requirement cannot be guaranteed over a long range. For many problems there may be no serious accumulation of error, but for unstable systems small perturbations of the solution will often lead to rapid divergence of the calculated values from the true values. A simple check for stability is to carry out trial calculations with different tolerances; if the results differ appreciably the system is probably unstable. Over a short range, the difficulty may possibly be overcome by taking sufficiently small tolerances, but over a long range it may be better to try to reformulate the problem.
A special class of initial value problems are those for which the solutions contain rapidly decaying transient terms. Such problems are called stiff; an alternative way of describing them is to say that certain eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix $\left(\frac{\partial {f}_{i}}{\partial {y}_{j}}\right)$ have large negative real parts when compared to others. These problems require special methods for efficient numerical solution; the methods designed for non-stiff problems when applied to stiff problems tend to be very slow, because they need small step lengths to avoid numerical instability. A full discussion is given in Hall and Watt (1976) and a discussion of the methods for stiff problems is given in Berzins et al. (1988).

### 2.2  Boundary Value Problems

In general, a system of nonlinear differential equations with boundary conditions at two or more points cannot be guaranteed to have a solution. The solution, if it exists, has to be determined iteratively. A comprehensive treatment of the numerical solution of boundary value problems can be found in Ascher et al. (1988) and Keller (1992). The methods for this chapter are discussed in Ascher et al. (1979), Ascher and Bader (1987) and Gladwell (1987).

#### 2.2.1  Collocation methods

In the collocation method, the solution components are approximated by piecewise polynomials on a mesh. The coefficients of the polynomials form the unknowns to be computed. The approximation to the solution must satisfy the boundary conditions and the differential equations at collocation points in each mesh sub-interval. A modified Newton method is used to solve the nonlinear equations. The mesh is refined by trying to equidistribute the estimated error over the whole interval. An initial estimate of the solution across the mesh is required.

#### 2.2.2  Shooting methods

In the shooting method, the unknown boundary values at the initial point are estimated to form an initial value problem, and the equations are then integrated to the final point. At the final point the computed solution and the known boundary conditions should be equal. The condition for equality gives a set of nonlinear equations for the estimated values, which can be solved by Newton's method or one of its variants. The iteration cannot be guaranteed to converge, but it is usually successful if
• the system has a solution,
• the system is not seriously unstable or very stiff for step-by-step solution, and
• good initial estimates can be found for the unknown boundary conditions.
It may be necessary to simplify the problem and carry out some preliminary calculations, in order to obtain suitable starting values. A fuller discussion is given in Chapters 16, 17 and 18 of Hall and Watt (1976), Chapter 11 of Gladwell and Sayers (1980) and Chapter 8 of Gladwell (1979a).

#### 2.2.3  Finite difference methods

If a boundary value problem seems insoluble by the above methods and a good estimate for the solution of the problem is known at all points of the range then a finite difference method may be used. Finite difference equations are set up on a mesh of points and estimated values for the solution at the grid points are chosen. Using these estimated values as starting values a Newton iteration is used to solve the finite difference equations. The accuracy of the solution is then improved by deferred corrections or the addition of points to the mesh or a combination of both. The method does not suffer from the difficulties associated with the shooting method but good initial estimates of the solution may be required in some cases and the method is unlikely to be successful when the solution varies very rapidly over short ranges. A discussion is given in Chapters 9 and 11 of Gladwell and Sayers (1980) and Chapter 4 of Gladwell (1979a).

### 2.3  Chebyshev Collocation for Linear Differential Equations

The collocation method gives a different approach to the solution of ordinary differential equations. It can be applied to problems of either initial value or boundary value type. Suppose the approximate solution is represented in polynomial form, say as a series of Chebyshev polynomials. The coefficients may be determined by matching the series to the boundary conditions, and making it satisfy the differential equation at a number of selected points in the range. The calculation is straightforward for linear differential equations (nonlinear equations may also be solved by an iterative technique based on linearization). The result is a set of Chebyshev coefficients, from which the solution may be evaluated at any point using E02AKF. A fuller discussion is given in Chapter 24 of Gladwell (1979a) and Chapter 11 of Gladwell and Sayers (1980).
This method can be useful for obtaining approximations to standard mathematical functions. For example, suppose we require values of the Bessel function ${J}_{\frac{1}{3}}\left(x\right)$ over the range $\left(0,5\right)$, for use in another calculation. We solve the Bessel differential equation by collocation and obtain the Chebyshev coefficients of the solution, which we can use to construct a function for ${J}_{\frac{1}{3}}\left(x\right)$. (Note that routines for many common standard functions are already available in Chapter S.)

### 2.4  Eigenvalue Problems

Sturm–Liouville problems of the form
 $px y′ ′ + q x,λ y=0$
with appropriate boundary conditions given at two points, can be solved by a Scaled Prüfer method. In this method the differential equation is transformed to another which can be solved for a specified eigenvalue by a shooting method. A discussion is given in Chapter 11 of Gladwell and Sayers (1980) and a complete description is given in Pryce (1986). Some more general eigenvalue problems can be solved by the methods described in Section 2.2.

## 3  Recommendations on Choice and Use of Available Routines

There are no routines which deal directly with complex equations. These may however be transformed to larger systems of real equations of the required form. Split each equation into its real and imaginary parts and solve for the real and imaginary parts of each component of the solution. Whilst this process doubles the size of the system and may not always be appropriate it does make available for use the full range of routines provided presently.

### 3.1  Initial Value Problems

In general, for non-stiff first-order systems, Runge–Kutta (RK) routines should be used. For the usual requirement of integrating across a range the appropriate routines are D02PEF and D02PQF; D02PQF is a setup routine for D02PEF. For more complex tasks there are a further five related routines: D02PFF, D02PRF, D02PSF, D02PTF and D02PUF. When a system is to be integrated over a long range or with relatively high accuracy requirements the variable-order, variable-step Adams codes may be more efficient. The appropriate routine in this case is D02CJF. For more complex tasks using an Adams code there are a further six related routines: D02QFF, D02QGF, D02QWF, D02QXF, D02QYF and D02QZF.
For stiff systems, that is those which usually contain rapidly decaying transient components, the Backward Differentiation Formula (BDF) variable-order, variable-step codes should be used. The appropriate routine in this case is D02EJF. For more complex tasks where the system residual is difficult to evaluate in direct communication, or is coupled with algebraic equations, there are a collection of routines in sub-chapter D02M–N. These routines can treat implicit differential algebraic systems, they also contain additional methods (beyond BDF techniques) which may be appropriate in some circumstances.
If you are not sure how to classify a problem, you are advised to perform some preliminary calculations with D02PEF, which can indicate whether the system is stiff. We also advise performing some trial calculations with D02PEF (RK), D02CJF (Adams) and D02EJF (BDF) so as to determine which type of routine is best applied to the problem. The conclusions should be based on the computer time used and the number of evaluations of the derivative function ${f}_{i}$. See Gladwell (1979b) for more details.
For second-order systems of the special form described in Section 2 the Runge–Kutta–Nystrom (RKN) routine D02LAF should be used.

#### 3.1.1  Runge–Kutta routines

The basic RK routine is D02PFF which takes one integration step at a time. An alternative is D02PEF, which provides output at user-specified points. The initialization of either D02PEF or D02PFF and the setting of optional inputs, including choice of method, is made by a call to the setup routine D02PQF. Optional output information about the integration and about error assessment, if selected, can be obtained by calls to the diagnostic routines D02PTF and D02PUF respectively. D02PSF may be used to interpolate on information produced by D02PFF to give solution and derivative values between the integration points. D02PRF may be used to reset the end of the integration range whilst integrating using D02PFF.
There is a simple driving routine D02BJF, which integrates a system over a range and, optionally, computes intermediate output and/or determines the position where a specified function of the solution is zero.
For well-behaved systems with no difficulties such as stiffness or singularities, the Merson form of the RK method, as used by D02BGF, works well for low accuracy calculations. D02BHF also uses the Merson form and can additionally find a root of a supplied equation involving solution components.

The general Adams variable-order variable-step routine is D02QFF, which provides a choice of automatic error control and the option of a sophisticated root-finding technique. Reverse communication for both the differential equation and root definition function is provided in D02QGF, which otherwise has the same facilities as D02QFF. A reverse communication routine makes a return to the calling subroutine for evaluations of equations rather than calling a user-supplied procedure. The initialization of either of D02QFF and D02QGF and the setting of optional inputs is made by a call to the setup routine D02QWF. Optional output information about the integration and any roots detected can be obtained by calls to the diagnostic routines D02QXF and D02QYF respectively. D02QZF may be used to interpolate on information produced by D02QFF or D02QGF to give solution and derivative values between the integration points.
There is a simple driving routine D02CJF, which integrates a system over a range and, optionally, computes intermediate output and/or determines the position where a specified function of the solution is zero.

#### 3.1.3  BDF routines

General routines for explicit and implicit ordinary differential equations with a wide range of options for integrator choice and special forms of numerical linear algebra are provided in sub-chapter D02M–N. A separate document describing the use of this sub-chapter is given immediately before the routines of the sub-chapter.
There are three utility routines available for use with sub-chapter D02M–N routines. D02XJF and D02XKF can be used to interpolate to a solution at a given point using the natural and ${C}^{1}$ interpolants respectively. D02ZAF can be used to return the weighted norm of the local error estimate calculated by sub-chapter D02M–N routines.
There is a simple driving routine D02EJF, which integrates a system over a range and, optionally, computes intermediate output and/or determines the position where a specified function of the solution is zero. It has a specification similar to the Adams routine D02CJF except that to solve the equations arising in the BDF method an approximation to the Jacobian $\left(\frac{\partial {f}_{i}}{\partial {y}_{j}}\right)$ is required. This approximation can be calculated internally but you may supply an analytic expression. In most cases supplying a correct analytic expression will reduce the amount of computer time used.

#### 3.1.4  Runge–Kutta–Nystrom routines

The Runge–Kutta–Nystrom routine D02LAF uses either a low- or high-order method (chosen by you). The choice of method and error control and the setting of optional inputs is made by a call to the setup routine D02LXF. Optional output information about the integration can be obtained by a call to the diagnostic routine D02LYF. When the low-order method has been employed D02LZF may be used to interpolate on information produced by D02LAF to give the solution and derivative values between the integration points.

### 3.2  Boundary Value Problems

In general, for a nonlinear system of mixed order with separated boundary conditions, the collocation method (D02TKF and its associated routines) can be used. Problems of a more general nature can often be transformed into a suitable form for treatment by D02TKF, for example nonseparated boundary conditions or problems with unknown parameters (see Section 8 in D02TVF for details).
For simple boundary value problems with assigned boundary values you may prefer to use a code based on the shooting method or finite difference method for which there are routines with simple calling sequences (D02HAF and D02GAF).
For difficult boundary value problems, where you need to exercise some control over the calculation, and where the collocation method proves unsuccessful, you may wish to try the alternative methods of shooting (D02SAF) or finite differences (D02RAF).
Note that it is not possible to make a fully automatic boundary value routine, and you should be prepared to experiment with different starting values or a different routine if the problem is at all difficult.

#### 3.2.1  Collocation methods

The collocation routine D02TKF solves a nonlinear system of mixed order boundary value problems with separated boundary conditions. The initial mesh and accuracy requirements must be specified by a call to the setup routine D02TVF. Optional output information about the final mesh and estimated maximum error can be obtained by a call to the diagnostic routine D02TZF. The solution anywhere on the mesh can be computed by a call to the interpolation routine D02TYF. If D02TKF is being used to solve a sequence of related problems then the continuation routine D02TXF should also be used.

#### 3.2.2  Shooting methods

D02HAF may be used for simple boundary value problems, where the unknown parameters are the missing boundary conditions. More general boundary value problems may be handled by using D02HBF. This routine allows for a generalized parameter structure, and is fairly complicated. The older routine D02AGF has been retained for use when an interior matching-point is essential; otherwise the newer routine D02HBF should be preferred.
For particularly complicated problems where, for example, the parameters must be constrained or the range of integration must be split to enable the shooting method to succeed, the recommended routine is D02SAF, which extends the facilities provided by D02HBF. If you are an experienced user D02SAF permits you much more control over the calculation than does D02HBF; in particular you are permitted precise control of solution output and intermediate monitoring information.

#### 3.2.3  Finite difference methods

D02GAF may be used for simple boundary value problems with assigned boundary values. The calling sequence of D02GAF is very similar to that for D02HAF discussed above.
You may find that convergence is difficult to achieve using D02GAF since only specifying the unknown boundary values and the position of the finite difference mesh is permitted. In such cases you may use D02RAF, which permits specification of an initial estimate for the solution at all mesh points and allows the calculation to be influenced in other ways too. D02RAF is designed to solve a general nonlinear two-point boundary value problem with nonlinear boundary conditions.
A routine, D02GBF, is also supplied specifically for the general linear two-point boundary value problem written in a standard ‘textbook’ form.
You are advised to use interpolation routines from Chapter E01 to obtain solution values at points not on the final mesh.

#### 3.2.4  Chebyshev integration method

The Chebyshev integration method is an implementation of the Chebyshev collocation method (see Section 3.3) which is fully described and compared against other implementations in Muite (2010). D02UEF solves a linear constant coefficient boundary value problem using the Chebyshev integration formulation on a Chebyshev Gauss–Lobatto grid and solving in the coefficient space. The required Chebyshev Gauss–Lobatto grid points on a given arbitrary interval $\left[a,b\right]$ can first be generated using D02UCF. Then D02UAF obtains the Chebyshev coefficients for the right-hand side (of system) function discretized on the obtained Chebyshev Gauss–Lobatto grid. D02UEF then solves the problem in Chebyshev coefficient space using the integration formulation. Finally D02UBF evaluates the solution (or one of its lower order derivatives) from the set of Chebyshev coefficients returned by D02UEF on the Chebyshev Gauss–Lobatto grid on $\left[a,b\right]$. The set of routines can be used to solve up to fourth order boundary value problems.

### 3.3  Chebyshev Collocation Method

D02TGF may be used to obtain the approximate solution of a system of differential equations in the form of a Chebyshev series. The routine treats linear differential equations directly, and makes no distinction between initial value and boundary value problems. This routine is appropriate for problems where it is known that the solution is smooth and well-behaved over the range, so that each component can be represented by a single polynomial. Singular problems can be solved using D02TGF as long as their polynomial-like solutions are required.
D02TGF permits the differential equations to be specified in higher order form; that is without conversion to a first-order system. This type of specification leads to a complicated calling sequence. If you are an inexperienced user two simpler routines are supplied. D02JAF solves a single regular linear differential equation of any order whereas D02JBF solves a system of regular linear first-order differential equations.

### 3.4  Eigenvalue Problems

Two routines, D02KAF and D02KDF, may be used to find the eigenvalues of second-order Sturm–Liouville problems. D02KAF is designed to solve simple problems with regular boundary conditions. D02KAF calls D02KDF, which is designed to solve more difficult problems, for example with singular boundary conditions or on infinite ranges or with discontinuous coefficients.
If the eigenfunctions of the Sturm–Liouville problem are also required, D02KEF should be used. (D02KEF solves the same types of problem as D02KDF.)

### 3.5  Summary of Recommended Routines

 Problem Routine RK Method Adams Method BDF Method Initial Value ProblemsDriver Routines Integration over a range with optional intermediate output and optional determination of position where a function of the solution becomes zero D02BJF D02CJF D02EJF Integration of a range with intermediate output D02BJF D02CJF D02EJF Integration of a range until function of solution becomes zero D02BJF D02CJF D02EJF Comprehensive Integration Routines D02PEF, D02PFF, D02PQF, D02PRF, D02PSF, D02PTF and D02PUF D02QFF, D02QGF, D02QWF, D02QXF, D02QYF and D02QZF sub-chapter D02M–N routines, D02XJF, D02XKF and D02ZAF Package for Solving Stiff Equations sub-chapter D02M–N routines Package for Solving Second-order Systems of Special Form D02L routines Boundary Value Problems Collocation Method, Mixed Order D02TKF, D02TVF, D02TXF, D02TYF and D02TZF Boundary Value Problems Shooting Method simple parameter D02HAF generalized parameters D02AGF and D02HBF additional facilities D02SAF Boundary Value Problems Finite Difference Method simple parameter D02GAF linear problem D02GBF full nonlinear problem D02RAF Boundary Value Problems Chebyshev Collocation, Integration Formulation single linear equation D02UEF with D02UAF, D02UBF, D02UCF Chebyshev Collocation, Linear Problems single equation D02JAF first-order system D02JBF general system D02TGF Sturm–Liouville Eigenvalue Problems regular problems D02KAF general problems D02KDF eigenfunction calculation D02KEF

## 4  Decision Trees

### Tree 1: Initial Value Problems

 Is the problem first order? _yes Is the problem known to be stiff? _yes Use routines described in the D02M–N sub-chapter Introduction, or their simple driver . | no| | Backward Differentiation Formula: Use routines described in the D02M–N sub-chapter Introduction, or their simple driver D02EJF. Adams method with driver routine: D02CJF Adams method with comprehensive suite: D02QFF, D02QGF, D02QWF, D02QXF, D02QYF and D02QZF Runge–Kutta method with driver routine: D02BJF Runge–Kutta method with comprehensive suite: D02PEF, D02PFF, D02PQF, D02PRF, D02PSF, D02PTF and D02PUF no| Is the problem of the form: ${y}^{\prime \prime }=f\left(x,y\right)$ _yes Use the D02L routines no| Convert to first order problem: is the problem known to be stiff? _yes Use routines described in the D02M–N sub-chapter Introduction, or their simple driver D02EJF. no| Backward Differentiation Formula: use routines described in the D02M–N sub-chapter Introduction, or their simple driver D02EJF. Adams method with driver routine: D02CJF Adams method with comprehensive suite: D02QFF, D02QGF, D02QWF, D02QXF, D02QYF and D02QZF Runge–Kutta method with driver routine: D02BJF Runge–Kutta method with comprehensive suite: D02PEF, D02PFF, D02PQF, D02PRF, D02PSF, D02PTF and D02PUF

### Tree 2: Boundary Value Problems

 Is the problem simply of the form ${y}^{\text{'}}=f\left(x,y\right)$? _yes Are only boundary values to be determined? _yes Shooting method: D02HAF Finite differences: D02GAF Collocation: D02TKF | no| | Shooting method: D02HBF Finite differences: D02GBF Collocation, piecewise polynomials: D02TKF Collocation, Chebyshev polynomials: D02JAF, D02JBF or D02UEF no| Shooting method: D02SAF Finite differences: D02RAF Collocation, piecewise polynomials: D02TKF Collocation, Chebyshev polynomials: D02JAF, D02JBF or D02UEF

## 5  Functionality Index

 Differentiation of a function discretized on Chebyshev Gauss–Lobatto points D02UDF
 Linear constant coefficient boundary value problem,
 Chebyshev spectral integration method,
 Chebyshev coefficients generator for a function discretized on Chebyshev Gauss–Lobatto grid D02UAF
 Chebyshev coefficients to function values on Chebyshev Gauss–Lobatto grid D02UBF
 Chebyshev Gauss–Lobatto grid generator D02UCF
 Chebyshev integration solver for linear constant coefficient boundary value problem D02UEF
 Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature weights generator at Chebyshev Gauss–Lobatto points D02UYF
 Evaluation on uniform grid of function by Barycentric Lagrange interpolation D02UWF
 value of Kth Chebyshev polynomial D02UZF
 Second-order Sturm–Liouville problems,
 regular/singular system, finite/infinite range,
 eigenvalue and eigenfunction D02KEF
 eigenvalue only D02KDF
 regular system, finite range, user-specified break-points,
 eigenvalue only D02KAF
 System of first-order ordinary differential equations, initial value problems,
 C1-interpolant D02XKF
 comprehensive integrator routines for stiff systems,
 continuation to call D02NEF D02MCF
 explicit ordinary differential equations,
 banded Jacobian D02NCF
 full Jacobian D02NBF
 sparse Jacobian D02NDF
 explicit ordinary differential equations (reverse communication):
 full Jacobian D02NMF
 implicit ordinary differential equations coupled with algebraic equations,
 banded Jacobian D02NHF
 banded Jacobian selector for DASSL integrator D02NPF
 DASSL integrator D02NEF
 full Jacobian D02NGF
 sparse Jacobian D02NJF
 implicit ordinary differential equations coupled with algebraic equations (reverse communication) D02NNF
 comprehensive integrator routines using Adams' method with root-finding option,
 diagnostic routine D02QXF
 diagnostic routine for root-finding D02QYF
 direct communication D02QFF
 interpolant D02QZF
 reverse communication D02QGF
 setup routine D02QWF
 comprehensive integrator routines using Runge–Kutta methods,
 diagnostic routine D02PTF
 diagnostic routine for global error assessment D02PUF
 interpolant D02PSF
 over a range with intermediate output D02PEF
 over a step D02PFF
 reset end of range D02PRF
 setup routine D02PQF
 compute weighted norm of local error estimate D02ZAF
 enquiry routine for use with sparse Jacobian D02NRF
 integrator diagnostic routine D02NYF
 integrator setup for backward differentiation formulae method for SPRINT integrator D02NVF
 integrator setup for Blend method for SPRINT integrator D02NWF
 integrator setup for DASSL D02MWF
 integrator setup for DASSL method for SPRINT integrator D02MVF
 linear algebra diagnostic routine for sparse Jacobians D02NXF
 linear algebra setup for banded Jacobians D02NTF
 linear algebra setup for full Jacobians D02NSF
 linear algebra setup for sparse Jacobians D02NUF
 natural interpolant D02MZF
 natural interpolant (for use by MONITR subroutine) D02XJF
 setup routine for continuation calls to integrator D02NZF
 simple driver routines,
 Runge–Kutta–Merson method,
 until a function of the solution is zero D02BHF
 until a specified component attains a given value D02BGF
 Runge–Kutta method,
 until (optionally) a function of the solution is zero, with optional intermediate output D02BJF
 until (optionally) a function of the solution is zero, with optional intermediate output D02CJF
 variable-order variable-step backward differentiation formulae method for stiff systems,
 until (optionally) a function of the solution is zero, with optional intermediate output D02EJF
 System of ordinary differential equations, boundary value problems,
 collocation and least squares,
 single nth-order linear equation D02JAF
 system of first-order linear equations D02JBF
 system of nth-order linear equations D02TGF
 comprehensive routines using a collocation technique,
 continuation routine D02TXF
 diagnostic routine D02TZF
 general nonlinear problem solver D02TKF
 interpolation routine D02TYF
 setup routine D02TVF
 finite difference technique with deferred correction,
 general linear problem D02GBF
 general nonlinear problem, with continuation facility D02RAF
 simple nonlinear problem D02GAF
 shooting and matching technique,
 boundary values to be determined D02HAF
 general parameters to be determined D02HBF
 general parameters to be determined, allowing interior matching-point D02AGF
 general parameters to be determined, subject to extra algebraic equations D02SAF
 System of second-order ordinary differential equations,
 Runge–Kutta–Nystrom method,
 diagnostic routine D02LYF
 integrator D02LAF
 interpolating solutions D02LZF
 setup routine D02LXF

## 6  Auxiliary Routines Associated with Library Routine Parameters

 D02BJW nagf_ode_ivp_rk_zero_simple_dummy_gSee the description of the argument G in D02BJF. D02BJX nagf_ode_ivp_rk_zero_simple_dummy_outputSee the description of the argument OUTPUT in D02BJF. D02CJW nagf_ode_ivp_adams_zero_simple_dummy_gSee the description of the argument G in D02CJF. D02CJX nagf_ode_ivp_adams_zero_simple_dummy_outputSee the description of the argument OUTPUT in D02CJF. D02EJW nagf_ode_ivp_bdf_zero_simple_dummy_gSee the description of the argument G in D02EJF. D02EJX nagf_ode_ivp_bdf_zero_simple_dummy_outputSee the description of the argument OUTPUT in D02EJF. D02EJY nagf_ode_ivp_bdf_zero_simple_dummy_pedervSee the description of the argument PEDERV in D02EJF. D02GAW nagf_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen_dummy_jacobfSee the description of the argument JACEPS in D02RAF. D02GAX nagf_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen_dummy_jacobgSee the description of the argument JACGEP in D02RAF. D02GAY nagf_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen_dummy_jacepsSee the description of the argument JACOBG in D02RAF. D02GAZ nagf_ode_bvp_fd_nonlin_gen_dummy_jacgepSee the description of the argument JACOBF in D02RAF. D02HBW nagf_ode_bvp_shoot_genpar_algeq_dummy_prsolSee the description of the argument PRSOL in D02SAF. D02HBX nagf_ode_bvp_shoot_genpar_algeq_sample_monitSee the description of the argument MONIT in D02SAF. D02HBY nagf_ode_bvp_shoot_genpar_algeq_dummy_constrSee the description of the argument CONSTR in D02SAF. D02HBZ nagf_ode_bvp_shoot_genpar_algeq_dummy_eqnSee the description of the argument EQN in D02SAF. D02KAY nagf_ode_sl2_reg_finite_dummy_monitSee the description of the argument MONIT in D02KAF, D02KDF and D02KEF. D02NBY nagf_ode_ivp_stiff_exp_fulljac_dummy_monitSee the description of the argument MONITR in D02NBF, D02NCF, D02NDF, D02NGF, D02NHF and D02NJF. D02NBZ nagf_ode_ivp_stiff_exp_fulljac_dummy_jacSee the description of the argument JAC in D02NBF. D02NCZ nagf_ode_ivp_stiff_exp_bandjac_dummy_jacSee the description of the argument JAC in D02NCF. D02NDZ nagf_ode_ivp_stiff_exp_sparjac_dummy_jacSee the description of the argument JAC in D02NDF. D02NEZ nagf_ode_dae_dassl_gen_dummy_jacSee the description of the argument JAC in D02NEF. D02NGZ nagf_ode_ivp_stiff_imp_fulljac_dummy_jacSee the description of the argument JAC in D02NGF. D02NHZ nagf_ode_ivp_stiff_imp_bandjac_dummy_jacSee the description of the argument JAC in D02NHF. D02NJZ nagf_ode_ivp_stiff_imp_sparjac_dummy_jacSee the description of the argument JAC in D02NJF. D02QFZ nagf_ode_ivp_adams_roots_dummy_gSee the description of the argument G in D02QFF. D02SAS nagf_ode_bvp_shoot_genpar_algeq_dummy_monitSee the description of the argument MONIT in D02SAF.

## 7  Routines Withdrawn or Scheduled for Withdrawal

The following lists all those routines that have been withdrawn since Mark 17 of the Library or are scheduled for withdrawal at one of the next two marks.
 WithdrawnRoutine Mark ofWithdrawal Replacement Routine(s) D02BAF 18 D02PEF and associated D02P routines D02BBF 18 D02PEF and associated D02P routines D02BDF 18 D02PEF and associated D02P routines D02CAF 18 D02CJF D02CBF 18 D02CJF D02CGF 18 D02CJF D02CHF 18 D02CJF D02EAF 18 D02EJF D02EBF 18 D02EJF D02EGF 18 D02EJF D02EHF 18 D02EJF D02PAF 18 D02PEF and associated D02P routines D02PCF 26 D02PEF and associated D02P routines D02PDF 26 D02PFF and associated D02P routines D02PVF 26 D02PQF D02PWF 26 D02PRF D02PXF 26 D02PSF D02PYF 26 D02PTF D02PZF 26 D02PUF D02QDF 17 D02NBF or D02NCF D02QQF 17 D02NBF or D02NCF D02XAF 18 D02PSF and associated D02P routines D02XBF 18 D02PSF and associated D02P routines D02YAF 18 D02PFF and associated D02P routines

## 8  References

Ascher U M and Bader G (1987) A new basis implementation for a mixed order boundary value ODE solver SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput. 8 483–500
Ascher U M, Christiansen J and Russell R D (1979) A collocation solver for mixed order systems of boundary value problems Math. Comput. 33 659–679
Ascher U M, Mattheij R M M and Russell R D (1988) Numerical Solution of Boundary Value Problems for Ordinary Differential Equations Prentice–Hall
Berzins M, Brankin R W and Gladwell I (1988) Design of the stiff integrators in the NAG Library SIGNUM Newsl. 23 16–23
Brenan K, Campbell S and Petzold L (1996) Numerical Solution of Initial-Value Problems in Differential-Algebraic Equations SIAM, Philadelphia
Gladwell I (1979a) The development of the boundary value codes in the ordinary differential equations chapter of the NAG Library Codes for Boundary Value Problems in Ordinary Differential Equations. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (eds B Childs, M Scott, J W Daniel, E Denman and P Nelson) 76 Springer–Verlag
Gladwell I (1979b) Initial value routines in the NAG Library ACM Trans. Math. Software 5 386–400
Gladwell I (1987) The NAG Library boundary value codes Numerical Analysis Report 134 Manchester University
Gladwell I and Sayers D K (ed.) (1980) Computational Techniques for Ordinary Differential Equations Academic Press
Hall G and Watt J M (ed.) (1976) Modern Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations Clarendon Press, Oxford
Keller H B (1992) Numerical Methods for Two-point Boundary-value Problems Dover, New York
Muite B K (2010) A numerical comparison of Chebyshev methods for solving fourth-order semilinear initial boundary value problems Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 234(2) 317–342
Pryce J D (1986) Error estimation for phase-function shooting methods for Sturm–Liouville problems IMA J. Numer. Anal. 6 103–123

D02 Chapter Contents