G02 Chapter Contents
G02 Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual

# NAG Library Routine DocumentG02BJF

Note:  before using this routine, please read the Users' Note for your implementation to check the interpretation of bold italicised terms and other implementation-dependent details.

## 1  Purpose

G02BJF computes means and standard deviations, sums of squares and cross-products of deviations from means, and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients for selected variables omitting cases with missing values from only those calculations involving the variables for which the values are missing.

## 2  Specification

 SUBROUTINE G02BJF ( N, M, X, LDX, MISS, XMISS, NVARS, KVAR, XBAR, STD, SSP, LDSSP, R, LDR, NCASES, CNT, LDCNT, IFAIL)
 INTEGER N, M, LDX, MISS(M), NVARS, KVAR(NVARS), LDSSP, LDR, NCASES, LDCNT, IFAIL REAL (KIND=nag_wp) X(LDX,M), XMISS(M), XBAR(NVARS), STD(NVARS), SSP(LDSSP,NVARS), R(LDR,NVARS), CNT(LDCNT,NVARS)

## 3  Description

The input data consists of $n$ observations for each of $m$ variables, given as an array
 $xij, i=1,2,…,n n≥2,j=1,2,…,m m≥2,$
where ${x}_{ij}$ is the $i$th observation on the $j$th variable, together with the subset of these variables, ${v}_{1},{v}_{2},\dots ,{v}_{p}$, for which information is required.
In addition, each of the $m$ variables may optionally have associated with it a value which is to be considered as representing a missing observation for that variable; the missing value for the $j$th variable is denoted by ${\mathit{xm}}_{j}$. Missing values need not be specified for all variables.
Let ${w}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}=0$ if the $\mathit{i}$th observation for the $\mathit{j}$th variable is a missing value, i.e., if a missing value, ${\mathit{xm}}_{\mathit{j}}$, has been declared for the $\mathit{j}$th variable, and ${x}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}={\mathit{xm}}_{\mathit{j}}$ (see also Section 7); and ${w}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}=1$ otherwise, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$ and $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,m$.
The quantities calculated are:
(a) Means:
 $x-j=∑i=1nwijxij ∑i=1nwij , j=v1,v2,…,vp.$
(b) Standard deviations:
 $sj=∑i= 1nwij xij-x-j 2 ∑i= 1nwij- 1 , j=v1,v2,…,vp.$
(c) Sums of squares and cross-products of deviations from means:
 $Sjk=∑i=1nwijwikxij-x-jkxik-x-kj, j,k=v1,v2,…,vp,$
where
 $x-jk=∑i= 1nwijwikxij ∑i= 1nwijwik and x-kj=∑i= 1nwikwijxik ∑i= 1nwikwij ,$
(i.e., the means used in the calculation of the sum of squares and cross-products of deviations are based on the same set of observations as are the cross-products).
(d) Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients:
 $Rjk=SjkSjjkSkkj , j,k=v1,v2,…,vp,$
where
 $Sjjk=∑i= 1nwijwikxij-x-jk2 and Skkj=∑i= 1nwikwijxik-x-kj2,$
(i.e., the sums of squares of deviations used in the denominator are based on the same set of observations as are used in the calculation of the numerator).
If ${S}_{jj\left(k\right)}$ or ${S}_{kk\left(j\right)}$ is zero, ${R}_{jk}$ is set to zero.
(e) The number of cases used in the calculation of each of the correlation coefficients:
 $cjk=∑i=1nwijwik, j,k=v1,v2,…,vp.$
(The diagonal terms, ${c}_{jj}$, for $j={v}_{1},{v}_{2},\dots ,{v}_{p}$, also give the number of cases used in the calculation of the means, ${\stackrel{-}{x}}_{j}$, and the standard deviations, ${s}_{j}$.)

None.

## 5  Parameters

1:     N – INTEGERInput
On entry: $n$, the number of observations or cases.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{N}}\ge 2$.
2:     M – INTEGERInput
On entry: $m$, the number of variables.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{M}}\ge 2$.
3:     X(LDX,M) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: ${\mathbf{X}}\left(\mathit{i},\mathit{j}\right)$ must be set to ${x}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}$, the value of the $\mathit{i}$th observation on the $\mathit{j}$th variable, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$ and $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,m$.
4:     LDX – INTEGERInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array X as declared in the (sub)program from which G02BJF is called.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{LDX}}\ge {\mathbf{N}}$.
5:     MISS(M) – INTEGER arrayInput
On entry: ${\mathbf{MISS}}\left(j\right)$ must be set equal to $1$ if a missing value, $x{m}_{j}$, is to be specified for the $j$th variable in the array X, or set equal to $0$ otherwise. Values of MISS must be given for all $m$ variables in the array X.
6:     XMISS(M) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: ${\mathbf{XMISS}}\left(j\right)$ must be set to the missing value, $x{m}_{j}$, to be associated with the $j$th variable in the array X, for those variables for which missing values are specified by means of the array MISS (see Section 7).
7:     NVARS – INTEGERInput
On entry: $p$, the number of variables for which information is required.
Constraint: $2\le {\mathbf{NVARS}}\le {\mathbf{M}}$.
8:     KVAR(NVARS) – INTEGER arrayInput
On entry: ${\mathbf{KVAR}}\left(\mathit{j}\right)$ must be set to the column number in X of the $\mathit{j}$th variable for which information is required, for $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,p$.
Constraint: $1\le {\mathbf{KVAR}}\left(\mathit{j}\right)\le {\mathbf{M}}$, for $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,p$.
9:     XBAR(NVARS) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the mean value, ${\stackrel{-}{x}}_{\mathit{j}}$, of the variable specified in ${\mathbf{KVAR}}\left(\mathit{j}\right)$, for $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,p$.
10:   STD(NVARS) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the standard deviation, ${s}_{\mathit{j}}$, of the variable specified in ${\mathbf{KVAR}}\left(\mathit{j}\right)$, for $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,p$.
11:   SSP(LDSSP,NVARS) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: ${\mathbf{SSP}}\left(\mathit{j},\mathit{k}\right)$ is the cross-product of deviations, ${S}_{\mathit{j}\mathit{k}}$, for the variables specified in ${\mathbf{KVAR}}\left(\mathit{j}\right)$ and ${\mathbf{KVAR}}\left(\mathit{k}\right)$, for $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,p$ and $\mathit{k}=1,2,\dots ,p$.
12:   LDSSP – INTEGERInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array SSP as declared in the (sub)program from which G02BJF is called.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{LDSSP}}\ge {\mathbf{NVARS}}$.
13:   R(LDR,NVARS) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: ${\mathbf{R}}\left(\mathit{j},\mathit{k}\right)$ is the product-moment correlation coefficient, ${R}_{\mathit{j}\mathit{k}}$, between the variables specified in ${\mathbf{KVAR}}\left(\mathit{j}\right)$ and ${\mathbf{KVAR}}\left(\mathit{k}\right)$, for $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,p$ and $\mathit{k}=1,2,\dots ,p$.
14:   LDR – INTEGERInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array R as declared in the (sub)program from which G02BJF is called.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{LDR}}\ge {\mathbf{NVARS}}$.
15:   NCASES – INTEGEROutput
On exit: the minimum number of cases used in the calculation of any of the sums of squares and cross-products and correlation coefficients (when cases involving missing values have been eliminated).
16:   CNT(LDCNT,NVARS) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: ${\mathbf{CNT}}\left(\mathit{j},\mathit{k}\right)$ is the number of cases, ${c}_{\mathit{j}\mathit{k}}$, actually used in the calculation of ${S}_{\mathit{j}\mathit{k}}$, and ${R}_{\mathit{j}\mathit{k}}$, the sum of cross-products and correlation coefficient for the variables specified in ${\mathbf{KVAR}}\left(\mathit{j}\right)$ and ${\mathbf{KVAR}}\left(\mathit{k}\right)$, for $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,p$ and $\mathit{k}=1,2,\dots ,p$.
17:   LDCNT – INTEGERInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array CNT as declared in the (sub)program from which G02BJF is called.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{LDCNT}}\ge {\mathbf{NVARS}}$.
18:   IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
On entry: IFAIL must be set to $0$, $-1\text{​ or ​}1$. If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to Section 3.3 in the Essential Introduction for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value $-1\text{​ or ​}1$ is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value $1$ is recommended. Otherwise, because for this routine the values of the output parameters may be useful even if ${\mathbf{IFAIL}}\ne {\mathbf{0}}$ on exit, the recommended value is $-1$. When the value $-\mathbf{1}\text{​ or ​}1$ is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.
On exit: ${\mathbf{IFAIL}}={\mathbf{0}}$ unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

## 6  Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ${\mathbf{IFAIL}}={\mathbf{0}}$ or $-{\mathbf{1}}$, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by X04AAF).
Note: G02BJF may return useful information for one or more of the following detected errors or warnings.
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=1$
 On entry, ${\mathbf{N}}<2$.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=2$
 On entry, ${\mathbf{NVARS}}<2$, or ${\mathbf{NVARS}}>{\mathbf{M}}$.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=3$
 On entry, ${\mathbf{LDX}}<{\mathbf{N}}$, or ${\mathbf{LDSSP}}<{\mathbf{NVARS}}$, or ${\mathbf{LDR}}<{\mathbf{NVARS}}$, or ${\mathbf{LDCNT}}<{\mathbf{NVARS}}$.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=4$
 On entry, ${\mathbf{KVAR}}\left(j\right)<1$, or ${\mathbf{KVAR}}\left(j\right)>{\mathbf{M}}$ for some $j=1,2,\dots ,{\mathbf{NVARS}}$.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=5$
After observations with missing values were omitted, fewer than two cases remained for at least one pair of variables. (The pairs of variables involved can be determined by examination of the contents of the array CNT.) All means, standard deviations, sums of squares and cross-products, and correlation coefficients based on two or more cases are returned by the routine even if ${\mathbf{IFAIL}}={\mathbf{5}}$.

## 7  Accuracy

G02BJF does not use additional precision arithmetic for the accumulation of scalar products, so there may be a loss of significant figures for large $n$.
You are warned of the need to exercise extreme care in your selection of missing values. G02BJF treats all values in the inclusive range $\left(1±{0.1}^{\left({\mathbf{X02BEF}}-2\right)}\right)×{xm}_{j}$, where ${\mathit{xm}}_{j}$ is the missing value for variable $j$ specified in XMISS.
You must therefore ensure that the missing value chosen for each variable is sufficiently different from all valid values for that variable so that none of the valid values fall within the range indicated above.

The time taken by G02BJF depends on $n$ and $p$, and the occurrence of missing values.
The routine uses a two-pass algorithm.

## 9  Example

This example reads in a set of data consisting of five observations on each of four variables. Missing values of $-1.0$, $0.0$ and $0.0$ are declared for the first, second and fourth variables respectively; no missing value is specified for the third variable. The means, standard deviations, sums of squares and cross-products of deviations from means, and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients for the fourth, first and second variables are then calculated and printed, omitting cases with missing values from only those calculations involving the variables for which the values are missing. The program therefore eliminates cases $4$ and $5$ in calculating the correlation between the fourth and first variables, and cases $3$ and $4$ for the fourth and second variables etc.

### 9.1  Program Text

Program Text (g02bjfe.f90)

### 9.2  Program Data

Program Data (g02bjfe.d)

### 9.3  Program Results

Program Results (g02bjfe.r)